Final answer:
Project management is organized into five process groups. Collective action problems are less severe in small groups because individuals are less able to free ride, it's easier to monitor behavior, and peer pressure is stronger.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question you've asked relates to project management and how it is structured. Project management is organized into five process groups. These groups are: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, and Closing. Each of these groups encompasses a series of tasks and deliverables that contribute to the effective management and completion of a project.
Now, regarding collective action problems, the question deals with why these issues are less severe in small groups compared to large groups. The answer is d. All of the above, meaning that in smaller groups, individuals are less able to free-ride, it is easier to monitor individual behavior, and peer pressure is stronger. These factors collectively contribute to reducing collective action problems in small group settings.