Final answer:
The term 'glass ceiling' refers to the invisible barrier caused by discrimination that hinders women and minorities from rising to top leadership positions within organizations. It encompasses societal patterns of discrimination, including gender roles, stereotypes, and the 'motherhood penalty.' Progress in dismantling the glass ceiling has been made, but women still significantly underrepresent in executive positions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The unofficial barrier that prevents some women and minorities from advancing in organizations is called the glass ceiling. This refers to an invisible barrier created by discriminatory practices which make it difficult for women, and particularly for women from underrepresented groups, to achieve leadership roles in corporations, governments, and other organizations. Factors contributing to the glass ceiling include deep-rooted social patterns of discrimination based on gender roles and motherhood, stereotypes of women not being assertive enough for top positions, and a lack of mentorship opportunities.
Despite ongoing efforts to promote equality, the glass ceiling continues to impact the earning and advancement potential of many women, as illustrated by salary statistics showing significant wage gaps. Moreover, the "motherhood penalty" further exacerbates the economic disparities faced by women, especially those with children, as compared to the "fatherhood premium" enjoyed by men in similar circumstances.
In recent years, there has been some progress with a higher number of women leading major companies; however, they still represent a small fraction of all top executive positions globally. The ongoing struggle for gender equality, the fight for equal representation in public office, and the pushback against institutionalized discrimination are crucial in breaking the glass ceiling.