Final answer:
Jews likely arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in the first century CE, and their status and treatment varied over time. They thrived during the Muslim rule in Al-Andalus but faced challenges in the fourteenth century.
Step-by-step explanation:
Jews likely arrived in the Iberian Peninsula among the Roman conquerors and colonizers in the first century CE. However, their status and treatment varied over time. During the Late Antique period, Jews were persecuted by Christians, but when Muslim rule was established in 711, the legal and economic status of Jews improved. They became well integrated into the cities of Muslim Al-Andalus and their communities thrived. However, in the fourteenth century, political enactments, forced conversions, and massacres led to a decline in their prospects.