Final answer:
The Mesopotamian river valley civilizations adapted to and modified their environment by constructing irrigation systems, cultivating crops like barley and wheat, breeding livestock for food and clothing, and building homes using mud bricks to meet their needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Mesopotamian river valley civilizations, including the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians, relied heavily on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. To address their need for food, they developed sophisticated irrigation systems, harnessing the rivers' waters to cultivate crops like barley and wheat. This ensured a steady food supply. Moreover, they domesticated animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle to provide meat, milk, and hides for clothing.
For shelter, they used local resources, constructing houses using sun-dried mud bricks, an abundant material in the region. These structures provided adequate protection from the extreme climate variations. The use of mud bricks not only offered shelter but also facilitated city-building efforts, enabling the development of larger settlements and cities.
Their adaptation and modification of the environment allowed these civilizations to thrive by meeting essential needs and creating the foundation for societal growth and development.
Correct answer: Constructing irrigation systems, cultivating crops, breeding livestock, and building homes using mud bricks.