Final answer:
The scientific method is a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation to test hypotheses, whereas the ethical model in research governs the conduct of researchers, ensuring the protection of human and animal subjects and the environment. They are similar in their need for transparency and differences lie in their goals. In sociological research, ethical considerations and scientific methods are both crucial for conducting valid, reliable, and morally sound studies.
Step-by-step explanation:
To prepare a short report that contrasts the ethical model with the scientific method, it is important to first define and understand each concept.
The scientific method is a systematic way of learning about the world through observation and experimentation to test hypotheses. It incorporates steps such as asking questions, conducting background research, constructing hypotheses, testing predictions through experimentation, analyzing results, and communicating findings.
In sociological research, the scientific method is used to explore social phenomena, often through quantitative or qualitative data collection and analysis. An interpretive framework in sociology provides a way to understand social contexts and meanings that individuals attach to their actions and interactions.
Meanwhile, the ethical model in research concerns itself with the moral principles and standards that govern conduct. Scientific ethics demands that researchers act responsibly to avoid harm to subjects (human or animal), ensure unbiased and honest analysis and communication, and consider broader impacts on society and the environment.
Similarities between the two include a structured approach to addressing a question or problem and the necessity for transparency and systematic analysis. Differences lie mainly in their goals and outcomes—while the scientific method seeks to produce reliable and valid knowledge, ethical considerations prioritize the welfare and rights of research subjects and affected parties.
Finally, in designing an experiment, ethical considerations must include informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing potential harm, and ensuring the rights and welfare of participants are protected.
Basic and Applied Science
Regarding the goals of basic science, the primary focus is on expanding knowledge and understanding without immediate application. Contrastingly, applied science aims at solving practical problems.
When comparing inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning involves building generalizations from specific observations, whereas deductive reasoning starts with a general principle and deduces specific predictions from it.
Accuracy, Reliability, and Validity in Research
In research, accuracy refers to the closeness of findings to reality, reliability to the consistency of results when replicated, and validity to the extent a tool measures what it is intended to measure.