Final Answer:
The caliphate evolved into a dynasty through hereditary succession, where leadership passed within a family. External factors, such as internal strife, external invasions, and economic challenges, posed significant threats to the stability of the dynasty.
Step-by-step explanation:
The transformation of a caliphate into a dynasty often occurred through the establishment of hereditary succession, where leadership was passed down within a particular family. This transition typically involved the ruling caliph designating a successor, usually a family member, to inherit the position. Over time, this practice led to the establishment of dynasties that maintained political power through familial lineage.
This shift from the more elective nature of a caliphate to the hereditary system of a dynasty aimed to ensure stability and continuity in governance. However, the stability of a dynasty was frequently threatened by various factors. Internal strife within the ruling family or among political factions could lead to power struggles, weakening the dynasty's cohesion. External invasions by rival states or groups posed another significant threat, challenging the dynasty's ability to defend its territory.
Economic challenges, such as financial crises or resource shortages, could also destabilize the dynasty, leading to discontent among the population. The interplay of these factors determined the longevity and resilience of the dynasty, with successful ones adapting to changing circumstances and effectively addressing internal and external challenges.