Final answer:
The climax community is primarily determined by climate. The exchange between the atmosphere and water is crucial for the carbon cycle. Logging a forest is an example of an anthropogenic impact on ecosystems.
Step-by-step explanation:
At a broad scale, the climax community is determined by climate, which influences all the other factors that govern the composition and dynamics of the ecosystem's stable state. Factors such as nutrient availability, competition, and others (e.g., rate of water flow, population density, the exchange between atmosphere and water) play a role at different stages or in specific aspects of the community's development.
In relation to carbon presence, the exchange between the atmosphere and water most strongly influences how much carbon is present in a given location, as this determines the carbon cycle dynamic through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon sequestration. Ecological succession is a process where life in an ecosystem generally involves competition for limited resources among species. This competition along with other environmental variables such as climate, elevation, and geology shapes the community structure. In the case of anthropogenic impact, actions like logging a forest are considered anthropogenic because they result from human activities.