Final answer:
All the options provided (Predation, Competition, and Mutualism) are direct biological interactions between organisms in an ecosystem. Predation is a predator-prey relationship, competition involves organisms fighting for resources, and mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both parties benefit.
Step-by-step explanation:
The examples listed, Predation (a), Competition (b), and Mutualism (c), are all types of direct interactions in biology. Therefore, the answer to the question is d, 'All the above are direct interactions.' These interactions illustrate different ways organisms affect each other within an ecosystem. For instance, predation involves a predator consuming its prey, competition occurs when organisms vie for the same resources, and mutualism is a cooperative interaction where both species benefit, as seen in the example of Karner blue butterfly larvae and ants.