Final answer:
The correct answer is d) Presence of predation. Predation can determine the composition and structure of species communities, restrict geographic range, and influence body size ratios.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d) Presence of predation. In the context of assembly rules, predation can be an important factor determining the composition and structure of species communities. Predation can determine the composition and structure of species communities, restrict geographic range, and influence body size ratios. The presence of predators can restrict the geographic range of certain species and can also influence body size ratios within a community. For example, in predator-prey interactions, smaller body size can be advantageous for prey species as it allows for better agility and escape.