Final answer:
Disorders associated with deficits in topographic information include prosopagnosia, impairments in the parietal cortex affecting spatial perception and sensory integration, and varieties of aphasia that affect language function and the cortical processing of sensory information.
Step-by-step explanation:
Disorders associated with deficits in topographic information stem from impairments in the processing of sensory inputs in the brain. For instance, prosopagnosia, also referred to as face blindness, is a condition where individuals are unable to recognize faces, including those of familiar persons or their own reflection. This disorder suggests damage or dysfunction in the temporal lobes where facial recognition is processed. Moreover, deficits in the parietal cortex can give rise to issues with spatial perception and sensory integration, such as issues with two-point discrimination or double simultaneous stimulation, where damage to the posterior parietal lobe might cause a person to fail to perceive stimuli on one side of the body.
Further, the topographical representation of sensory input to the somatosensory cortex can be disrupted, leading to difficulty in mapping sensory information correctly, impacting functions like stereognosis (the ability to recognize objects by touch) and graphesthesia (the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch). Aphasia, characterized by deficits in using verbs (V impairment) or nouns (N impairment), can also result from cortical damage. For example, damage to the insula or temporal lobes might impair one's ability to correlate words with actions or objects, compromising verbal communication and the association of names with objects or actions.