Final answer:
External incentives can impact a person's intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in different ways depending on whether the incentive is tangible, like money, and whether it's expected. The overjustification effect posits that extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation, but unexpected rewards or verbal praise may not have the same negative effects. Effort and perception of value are related, as higher effort tends to correlate with a greater appreciation for the task or learning experience.
Step-by-step explanation:
The differences in effort in relation to external incentive can be understood by looking at the effect of different types of reinforcement, such as physical and verbal, on an individual's intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Physical reinforcement like money can often lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation, especially if the reward is expected. Conversely, unexpected extrinsic rewards might not diminish intrinsic motivation. It's also important to consider the overjustification effect, which suggests that when extrinsic motivation is provided for tasks that one inherently enjoys, it can lead to a decrease in the desire to engage in those activities without the promise of reward, fundamentally reclassifying the activities as work.
Research such as that by Heckert et al. (2006) and Deci et al. (1999) has demonstrated that while effort is positively correlated with perceived value and learning in a course, the introduction of extrinsic rewards can complicate the relation between effort and motivation. For example, individuals required to exert more effort may value the associated group or learning more highly. However, if someone like Odessa receives praise for her baking, which is an intangible reward, it might actually maintain or increase her intrinsic motivation to bake.