Final answer:
The Geocentric Theory claimed that the Earth was at the center of the solar system. This theory was challenged by Copernicus, who proposed the Heliocentric Theory with the Sun at the center.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scientific theory that claimed that the Earth was at the center of the solar system is known as the Geocentric Theory. This theory was widely accepted for centuries until it was challenged by Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the Heliocentric Theory, where the Sun is at the center of the solar system. Copernicus' theory was supported by subsequent observations and analysis by astronomers like Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei.