Final answer:
Longitude is not a factor that affects climate. Factors such as ocean currents, latitude, and proximity to water significantly influence climate, unlike longitude.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factor that does not affect climate is c. Longitude. While ocean currents (a), latitude (b), and proximity to water (d) are known to have significant impacts on climate, longitude by itself is not a direct factor in determining climate. The climate is primarily affected by the amount of solar energy received, which is influenced by latitude, and by the distribution of heat across the planet, which is influenced by ocean currents and proximity to water bodies.