Final answer:
Longitude is the factor that does not affect climate; whereas, latitude, proximity to water, and elevation greatly influence it.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factor that does not affect climate among the options provided is longitude. Latitude, proximity to water, and elevation are all significant factors that influence climate. Latitude determines how much solar energy a location receives, with areas closer to the equator receiving more direct sunlight. Proximity to water can affect climate due to the moderating influence water has on air temperatures, leading to milder climates. Elevation influences climate since temperatures generally decrease with height above sea level, affecting weather patterns and local climates. For example, places with similar latitudes are likely to have similar climates, regardless of their longitudes.