Final answer:
Zero Tolerance Policing supports certainty of punishment as a deterrent. By enforcing punishment for minor infractions, this approach aims to prevent more serious crimes. However, it has faced criticism and controversy due to potential police harassment and uncertain effects on crime rates.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of policing that supports certainty of punishment as a deterrent is Zero Tolerance Policing. This approach, based on the principles of Broken Windows Theory, posits that by cracking down on all sorts of small crimes such as graffiti, petty theft, or fare evasion, it will prevent individuals from engaging in more serious crimes. Zero-Tolerance Policing policies mandate that officers pursue every infraction, thereby increasing the certainty that any crime, no matter how small, will be punished. This method evolved into policies like Stop and Frisk, significantly increasing the number of stops and questions by officers on the street.
While Zero Tolerance Policing is designed to increase the certainty of getting caught, it is not without controversy and has been criticized for not necessarily leading to a greater reduction in crime rates compared to other cities that don't use such methods. Additionally, it can lead to charges of police harassment, particularly in communities of color. Alternatives like community-oriented policing focus on building trust with communities, which can also effectively reduce crime but through the strengthening of relationships rather than through enforcing punishment.