Final answer:
The equation for Cardiac Output (CO) is CO = HR × SV, with HR representing heart rate and SV denoting stroke volume. It measures the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is influenced by heart rate, stroke volume, and various physiological factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The equation for Cardiac Output (CO) is a fundamental concept in cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac Output is the measurement of the amount of blood that the heart pumps through the ventricles in one minute. The formula to calculate CO is CO = HR × SV, where HR stands for heart rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm), and SV denotes stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat. Factors influencing Cardiac Output include heart rate, stroke volume, sympathetic stimulation, hormonal influences such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, and changes in electrolyte levels.