Final answer:
The phrase 'loathsome masses of putrescence' refers to rotting and decaying matter, fitting into the descriptions of pollution's negative impacts on the environment and human life in an industrialized setting.
Step-by-step explanation:
The phrase “loathsome masses of putrescence” refers to option C) Rotting and decaying matter. This is evident from the context provided, which features descriptions of degradation and pollution, contrasting the initial beauty with ensuing decay, as seen in Gallaccio's art installation of roses that turn from beautiful to decayed. The excerpts describe environments where the natural world is overshadowed by industrial byproducts, the struggle of life in an industrial town, and the idea that pollution can paradoxically be seen as beautiful despite its deleterious effects.
In literature, such vivid descriptions help to create a stark and powerful image in the reader's mind, portraying the negative impacts of industrialization on both the environment and human life. The term “loathsome masses of putrescence” creates a strong visual of something deeply unpleasant and repulsive, which is consistent with the themes of decay and the negative side of industrial progress in the context provided.