Final answer:
In the absence of an article, translating modifier-noun combinations in English depends on context and should avoid gender bias by using neutral terms. Hyphens are used with modifiers for clarity, while apostrophes indicate possession. Dashes emphasize and parentheses de-emphasize content.
Step-by-step explanation:
When translating modifier-noun combinations in the absence of an article, understanding the context is crucial. Without an article, the construction is known as anarthrous, and how you translate it will depend on the context of the sentence. To avoid gender bias, use plural nouns or neutral terms like 'person' or 'individual'. Instead of using gender-specific pronouns, opt for 'they' or 'their' when translating anarthrous constructions.
Moreover, when creating clear and accurate translations, hyphens are used with modifiers, especially compound modifiers, to make the phrase more readable. Apostrophes indicate possession for both singular and plural nouns. Emphasis in a sentence can be managed using dashes to stand out, while parentheses can de-emphasize or add supplementary information.