Final answer:
The correct answer is d) converse error, which involves reversing the subject and predicate of a conditional statement. In this case, the statement "All flying things are birds" is a converse error of the original statement "All birds can fly".
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is d) converse error. Equating the statements "All birds can fly" and "All flying things are birds" is an example of a converse error. This error occurs when the subject and predicate of a conditional statement are reversed. In this case, the original statement "All birds can fly" is the hypothesis, and the converse statement "All flying things are birds" is the conclusion. It is important to note that the converse statement may not always be true.