Final answer:
Hill climbing heuristic, means-end analysis, and working backwards are all forms of problem solving as a search, where each technique involves navigating through problem space to find a solution.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of problem solving within cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence, the options provided represent different strategies or heuristics for tackling complex problems. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that simplifies decision making by providing a general problem-solving framework.
- Hill climbing heuristic is an approach where one makes incremental changes that lead to a desired goal state or solution, akin to climbing upward toward a peak.
- Means-end analysis is a strategy that involves breaking down the problem into smaller, more manageable parts and addressing these to reduce the difference between the current state and the goal state.
- Working backwards is a technique where one starts with the desired outcome and works in reverse to determine the necessary steps to reach that outcome.
All of the above options (a) hill climbing heuristic, (b) means-end analysis, and (c) working backwards are considered forms of problem solving as a search. Each involves navigating through a problem space to find a solution.