Final answer:
In Duncker's tumour problem, the mental model heuristic was not used by most individuals, leading to only 10% being able to solve the problem without a hint. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps in problem-solving but doesn't always guarantee a correct solution, unlike an algorithm. Mental models help create a simplified representation in the mind to systematically address complex problems.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Duncker's tumour problem, mental model is the heuristic that only 10% could solve without reading the hint. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that simplifies problem-solving, often referred to as a "rule of thumb." These heuristic strategies are contrasted with algorithms, which are step-by-step instructions that guarantee a solution if followed correctly. Unlike algorithms, heuristics do not always ensure a correct answer but they do facilitate quicker and more efficient problem-solving in many cases by reducing the cognitive load on individuals.
In this specific context, the mental model heuristic refers to creating a simplified representation in one's mind to solve complex problems. It helps individuals visualize the problem and work through it in a systematic way. However, in the absence of using such a heuristic, individuals might struggle to find a solution, as was the case with Duncker's tumour problem where only a small percentage could solve it without additional assistance like a hint.