Final answer:
The phrase 'I knew it all along' after an event represents hindsight bias, which is the belief that an event was predictable after it has occurred, even if it wasn't.
Step-by-step explanation:
When people say "I knew it all along" after an event, this exemplifies d) hindsight bias. Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one had foreseen or expected the outcome, even if there was no real basis for predicting it. It's a common cognitive error where people retroactively assign higher probabilities to events after they've happened, making them seem as if they were predictable or expected all along.
The confirmation bias is the propensity to focus on information that confirms existing beliefs, leading to selective observation and potentially deceptive decision-making. On the other hand, anchoring bias refers to the heavy reliance on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.