Final answer:
The process of converting mRNA sequences into amino acids to form proteins is known as translation, which relies on the genetic code and involves tRNA molecules.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process by which a mRNA nucleotide sequence is converted into an amino acid sequence is called translation. This process involves the genetic code, where each three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA, known as a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids that makeup proteins, and their sequence determines the protein's structure and function. During translation, tRNA molecules pair with the correct codons on the mRNA strand and help assemble the amino acids in the correct order to form a protein.