Final answer:
The central nervous system consists of efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and glial cells. Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, while afferent neurons transmit signals from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. Glial cells support and protect neurons, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
Step-by-step explanation:
There are three different types of cells in the central nervous system: efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and glial cells.
Efferent neurons, also known as motor neurons, transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. They are responsible for controlling voluntary and involuntary movements.
Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, transmit signals from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. They are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about external and internal stimuli.
Glial cells, or neuroglia, support and protect neurons. There are several types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate the chemical environment around neurons. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, a fatty substance that insulates and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. Microglia act as immune cells, protecting the central nervous system from infection and inflammation. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid.