Final answer:
Theorists hypothesize the human need to belong due to evolutionary adaptations for survival, psychological attachment needed for emotional development, fulfillment of foundational needs for self-actualization, and inherent social structures that facilitate cooperation and sharing of social norms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The human need to belong is a fundamental concept studied within the fields of psychology and social studies. Theorists hypothesize this need based on various aspects of human development and interaction throughout history. Key factors influencing this need are evolutionary adaptations, psychological fulfillment, social cooperation, and the structure of human societies.
Evolutionary Perspective
From an evolutionary standpoint, forming groups has been vital for survival, as early humans who lived in bands were more likely to succeed in childrearing and obtaining food. Theories like the "god-shaped hole" or a "god engine" suggest that the propensity to believe in deities is a by-product of cognitive and social adaptations that have been crucial for human development.
Psychological Theories
British psychologist John Bowlby's work on attachment sheds light on how crucial attachments are for children's emotional and social development. The lack of stable attachments can have adverse effects. This need for attachment persists into adulthood, influencing relationships including romantic partnerships, friendships, and even bonds with non-human entities, potentially translating to religious beliefs.
Humanistic Approach
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the desire for love, belonging, and esteem is foundational, coming directly after basic physiological and safety needs. The fulfillment of these needs is essential for the pursuit of self-actualization, a state of realizing one's full potential, which is a life-long journey and not attained by many.
Social Structures
Humans as social animals have always formed close-knit groups that involve complex interactions and sharing responsibilities. The size of such groups and the nature of interactions within and between them have been dictated by ecological conditions and social norms. Prosocial behavior and altruism are characteristics that enhance the well-being of the in-group, while there is generally less innate concern for out-group members.
Alignment with Societal Groups
Another aspect is the tendency to align with groups sharing similar values and practices, reinforcing the idea that social connections are not merely incidental but a fundamental aspect of human life.