Final answer:
To determine the z-score for a raw score, you need the mean and standard deviation of the set of scores. The z-score is the number of standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine the z-score for a raw score in a particular set of scores, you need the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) of the set. The correct choice is d. The mean and standard deviation of the set. A z-score is calculated by taking the raw score (x), subtracting the mean (μ), and then dividing the result by the standard deviation (σ). This formula is represented as z = (x - μ) / σ. This calculation standardizes the raw scores, so you can compare them to a standard normal distribution, which has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
For example, if a student scored 95 on a biology exam where the mean score is 85 and the standard deviation is 5, the z-score would be (95 - 85) / 5, which equals 2. This z-score tells us that the student's exam score is 2 standard deviations above the mean.