Final answer:
The correct answer is option 1.Papyrus was primarily phased out as a writing material by the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. This invention, preceded by paper's rise and augmented by nineteenth-century advancements in the printing and typesetting industries, brought about mass communication and reduced dependence on hand-copied scrolls and materials like papyrus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The invention that superseded papyrus as a major writing material was the printing press. The journey from the ancient papyrus scrolls to the widespread adoption of the printing press is a pivotal moment in communication history. Initially, papyrus was replaced by parchment and then paper, but the defining technology that truly drove it into obsolescence was the movable type printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century, following prior developments in China. While the typewriter, invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867, and other inventions like the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875, improved communication efficiency, it was Gutenberg's press that revolutionized the distribution of text on a large scale and dramatically reduced the reliance on hand-copied manuscripts and papyrus.
Furthermore, the advent of industrialization in the nineteenth century saw significant advancements in printing technology. The steam-powered press, invented by Friedrich Koenig, and improvements in typesetting, such as the Linotype and Monotype machines, made it faster and cheaper to produce print media. These inventions collectively contributed to the decline of older writing materials like papyrus and moved society into the age of mass communication.