Final answer:
Quartzite is the correct answer as it is the rock type formed by the metamorphism of mature sandstone, characterized by interlocking quartz crystals and resistance to acid.
Step-by-step explanation:
Quartzite is typically formed by metamorphism of a mature sandstone. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock known for its hardness and resistance to acid. It originates from the transformation of quartzose sandstones or siltstones under high-grade metamorphic conditions, resulting in a rock that may retain the original sand grains' appearance or become composed entirely of interlocking quartz crystals. While marble also results from metamorphism, it forms from limestone and dolomite instead of sandstone. Moreover, slate, another metamorphic rock, is derived from the metamorphism of shale. Amphibolite, not typically associated with sandstone metamorphism, is formed from other types of precursor rocks. Thus, the correct answer is D) Quartzite.