Final answer:
Export-oriented industrialization in Third World countries resulted in increased urbanization, economic transition to manufacturing-dominated economies, and a mix of increased profiting from natural resources and concerns over potential exploitation by trading partners.
Step-by-step explanation:
For the Third World, export-oriented industrialization resulted in a range of economic and social impacts. During the second half of the 20th century, these developing countries often embraced strategies to increase their participation in the global economy by focusing on manufacturing and exporting goods. This led to urbanization, with a significant portion of the population moving to cities, and a corresponding decline in family size as education rates rose. Natural resources were extracted for export, leading to profits but also concerns about exploitation by high-income trading partners.
Manufacturing became a major part of the economies, accounting for about 45 percent of GDP in some cases, which marked a shift to stage 3 development for many areas. However, the pursuit of economic development through this pathway was met with trepidation as these economies feared economic and political loss of control over to foreign and multinational interests. Ultimately, while the goal was to improve global economic standing, the actual outcomes raised concerns over exploitation and loss of domestic political control.