Final answer:
The core and surface of the Sun are interconnected, with processes in the core, such as nuclear reactions and internal rotation, influencing surface phenomena like sunspots and solar cycles. Tools like helioseismology and neutrino detection provide insight into the Sun's interior and help explain observed surface behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes occurring in the core of the Sun are indeed related to the phenomena we observe at the Sun's surface and vice versa. Utilizing techniques such as helioseismology and measurements of neutrinos, scientists have gained insights into the Sun's interior, which includes understanding the differential rotation and convection patterns. The core's nuclear reactions convert hydrogen to helium, with the generated energy eventually reaching the surface and causing observable effects such as sunspots and solar storms. Interestingly, despite the decreasing temperature from the core outward, above the photosphere, the temperature unexpectedly increases, which is still a subject of study. Moreover, the observation that two-thirds of the neutrinos change type on their journey to Earth is significant, demonstrating that neutrinos have mass.
Specifically, helioseismology has revealed that the convection zone extends inward from the surface to about 30% of the way toward the center and that the differential rotation seen at the surface carries on down through the convection zone. This differential rotation, combined with convection beneath the solar surface, plays a role in the Sun's magnetic field dynamics, influencing the solar cycle and formation of sunspots. Therefore, while the surface activities such as sunspots stem from the outer layers, their root causes lie deep within the Sun, shaped by the internal structure and dynamics.