Final answer:
The two ways a student can be exempt from the cumulative final are not having a final exam and not requiring a research paper.
Step-by-step explanation:
In this situation, we need to find the two ways a student can be exempt from the cumulative final. To answer this question, we need to examine the given information: 72% of courses have final exams and 46% require research papers, with 32% of courses having both a final exam and a research paper. Based on these statistics, we can determine the probabilities as follows:
1. Probability of having a final exam = 72%
2. Probability of requiring a research paper = 46%
To find the probability of being exempt from the cumulative final, we need to find the probability of NOT having a final exam or NOT requiring a research paper. This can be calculated by subtracting the probabilities of having a final exam and requiring a research paper from 100%:
1. Probability of NOT having a final exam = 100% - 72% = 28%
2. Probability of NOT requiring a research paper = 100% - 46% = 54%
Therefore, there are two ways a student can be exempt from the cumulative final:
- Not having a final exam (28% probability)
- Not requiring a research paper (54% probability)