Final answer:
During feline declaw surgery, the distal phalanx, the bone at the tip of a cat's toe, is partly or completely removed. This procedure can lead to pain and long-term issues for the cat.
Step-by-step explanation:
The bone that is partly or completely removed during feline declaw surgery is called the distal phalanx, which is comparable to the fingertip of a human. This bone is part of the toe of the cat, and removing it is what is commonly referred to as declawing. The procedure is controversial and is considered inhumane by many veterinarians and animal welfare organizations because it can cause pain, behavioral changes, and long-term physical problems for the cat.