Question

Answer the following questions based on the case study:

The decisions made in the case study were made by which level of management?
a) Top-level management
b) Middle-level management
c) First-level management
d) Functional-level management

Answer 1

Without the case study context, it's not possible to determine exactly who made decisions; normally, top management sets strategies, middle manages tactically, and first-level handles operations. An expressive leader likely thrives in interpersonal roles such as running a summer camp for ill children. Research can guide decisions across various industries.

Step-by-step explanation:

To determine which level of management made decisions in the case study, one must understand the hierarchy and responsibilities typical to each management level. Without the context of the case study itself, this can't be accurately determined, however, there are general characteristics of each level:

• Top-level management typically includes positions like CEO and are responsible for making the overarching strategic decisions for the entire organization.
• Middle-level management, which can be near the top or closer to the base, usually involves department heads or regional managers who implement the strategies set forth by top management and oversee first-level managers.
• First-level management refers to those directly supervising non-managerial employees, such as team leaders or supervisors.

Regarding the corresponding letter from the options:

1. Top-level management is generally expected to set the strategic goals and make corporate decisions.
2. Middle-level management often employs a more tactical approach in their decision-making process.
3. First-level management is often focused on day-to-day operational decisions and managing individual employees.

For the expressive leader question, a person in a role that requires high interpersonal engagement, like the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children (option c), is more likely to be an expressive leader. Expressive leaders focus on maintaining a team's morale and social cohesion, often found in roles that entail significant personal interaction.

In terms of research and decision-making processes, college administrators, high school counselors, and technology companies can indeed use research outcomes as valuable resources to inform and validate their decisions and strategies, similar to how legal bodies might use research to influence rulings or create policies.