Final answer:
Anthropological perspectives on racial types and human physical variation are studied within Social Studies, and biological anthropology has shown that race is not a scientifically valid concept, but rather a social construct with more genetic variation within racial groups than between them.
Step-by-step explanation:
Anthropological perspectives on racial types and human physical variation are primarily studied in the subject of Social Studies. The study of human diversity through biological anthropology shows that the concept of race is not scientifically valid and is based more on social constructs rather than biological differences. The work of biological anthropologists demonstrates that there is more genetic variation within traditional racial categories than between them, thus undermining the biological basis for race. Furthermore, human physical traits such as skin color, facial features, and genetic markers are varied and do not align neatly with the racial categories historically used to divide human populations.
Research has shown that these racial categories often developed through pseudoscience and were employed to justify discriminatory practices. With the sequencing of the human genome, it has become even clearer that race is a poor proxy for genetic diversity. An understanding of human variation is essential in addressing issues like health disparities and ensuring equitable medical treatment. Hence, the shift towards viewing race as a social construct and focusing on human ancestry and genetic diversity is significant in anthropology.