Final answer:
Argyris and Schön's theories for action distinguish between espoused theories and theories-in-use, and introduce the concept of double-loop learning, a process that involves questioning and modifying underlying assumptions and beliefs within an organization.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chris Argyris and Donald Schön's theories for action are significant concepts in the field of organizational learning and management. The core of their work is the distinction between espoused theories and theories-in-use. The former refers to the beliefs and values people claim to follow, while the latter are the beliefs and values inferred from how people actually behave. Argyris and Schön also introduced the concept of double-loop learning, which goes beyond simple problem-solving (single-loop learning) to question and modify the governing values and policies leading to the problem in the first place.
According to Argyris and Schön, single-loop learning involves making adjustments to actions or strategies in response to errors or unexpected outcomes without questioning the underlying assumptions. Double-loop learning, on the other hand, involves a deeper inquiry into our thinking and the underlying beliefs that guide our actions. This approach to learning and adaptation can lead to transformative change within an organization by aligning actual practices (theories-in-use) with officially stated principles (espoused theories).