Final answer:
The "necessary and proper" clause in the Constitution created implied powers, allowing Congress to enact laws not explicitly listed in the Constitution to execute enumerated powers. The Tenth Amendment introduced reserved powers for state governments, which are powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states.
Step-by-step explanation:
The "necessary and proper" clause in the Constitution created implied powers. These are powers that are not expressly stated in the Constitution but are considered necessary and proper for carrying out the explicitly stated duties of Congress. This clause, also known as the 'elastic clause', allows Congress to make laws that are necessary for executing the enumerated powers, like regulating interstate commerce, even if those specific laws are not listed in the Constitution.
The Tenth Amendment, on the other hand, created a class of powers exclusive to state governments, known as reserved powers. These are not the implied powers granted by the necessary and proper clause, but are the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, which are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.