Final answer:
Food shortage is not caused by the creation of states but is often due to failed government macroeconomic policy. Adequate macroeconomic measures can mitigate food scarcity issues by ensuring stable inflation and equitable distribution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The issue that was NOT caused by the creation of states is food shortage. While uneven distribution of wealth, social immobility, and gender inequality have been direct repercussions of state formation and policy implementation, food shortage is not inherently a result of the creation of states. Instead, as Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has highlighted, food insecurity often stems from the failure of government macroeconomic policy, particularly in terms of distribution, despite modern agriculture producing sufficient food. Responsible macroeconomic policies can address such shortages and prevent famine by focusing on stable inflation, full employment, education of women, and preservation of property rights. Therefore, food shortage as an issue is more relational to the effectiveness of government policy than the mere existence of states.