Final answer:
Password Hash Synchronization allows for authentication with on-premises and cloud resources using the same password, while Pass-through Authentication, Federation Authentication, and Windows Hello for Business do not.
Step-by-step explanation:
The AD authentication method that allows for authentication with on-premises and cloud resources using the same password and requires two points of authentication is Password Hash Synchronization.
Password Hash Synchronization is a feature in Azure AD Connect that synchronizes the password hashes of users from an on-premises Active Directory environment to Azure Active Directory. This enables users to sign in to both on-premises and cloud resources using the same password.
Pass-through Authentication and Federation Authentication are other AD authentication methods, but they do not allow for authentication with the same password. Windows Hello for Business is a biometric authentication method that uses facial recognition or a fingerprint scan instead of a traditional password.