Final answer:
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs, like food and water, are called primary reinforcers and are essential for survival, unlike secondary reinforcers, which gain their reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers.
Step-by-step explanation:
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs, such as food, water, and sex, are called primary reinforcers. These reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities and are crucial for survival. Different from secondary reinforcers, which have no inherent value and become reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers, primary reinforcers fulfill essential needs. For instance, water not only quenches thirst but also provides pleasure when jumping into a cool lake on a hot day. Similarly, food is an evident primary reinforcer for animals, as seen in Skinner's experiments where rats were rewarded with food for certain actions. Understanding the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers is fundamental in fields such as behavioral psychology, where it provides insight into motivation and learning.