Final answer:
Maps, ship design, navigational tools, and weaponry played a crucial role in aiding European exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Step-by-step explanation:
The exploration and expansion of Europeans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were greatly aided by maps, ship design, navigational tools, and weaponry. Maps provided crucial information about uncharted territories and helped sailors plan their routes more accurately. Ship designs were improved to increase speed, stability, and maneuverability, enabling sailors to explore new regions. Navigational tools such as the astrolabe and compass helped sailors determine their position and navigate in open waters, away from the coastline. Lastly, weaponry such as cannons provided protection and deterrence against potential threats during exploration.