Final answer:
The Mali Empire collapsed due to weak rulers post-Mansa Musa, external attacks from Mossi and Tuareg, and the loss of critical cities like Gao to independence movements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Three main factors contributed to the collapse of the Mali Empire. First, a series of weak rulers and dynastic disputes after the death of Mansa Musa led to political instability. The inability to maintain strong leadership resulted in diminished control over trade routes and provinces.
Second, external threats from neighboring groups, such as the attacks from the Mossi to the south and the Tuareg to the north, as well as the rise of the powerful Songhai Empire, exerted military pressure on the empire. Third, the growing independence movements within the empire saw key cities and regions like Gao and Timbuktu breaking away to assert their autonomy, draining Mali of its strategic economic hubs. Combined, these factors eroded the foundation of Mali’s strength, leading to its eventual downfall.