Final answer:
The superior gluteal artery is the artery that passes through the greater sciatic foramen, which is an important structure in the pelvis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The artery that passes through the greater sciatic foramen is the superior gluteal artery. This artery emerges from the pelvis above the piriformis muscle and supplies the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus muscles, as well as the tensor fasciae latae muscle.
The greater sciatic foramen is an opening in the pelvis formed by the greater sciatic notch of the hip bone, the sacrum, and the sacrospinous ligament, which allows passage for structures exiting or entering the pelvis.