Final answer:
In 1893, Sanford B. Dole led a provisional government that controlled Hawaii after a coup against Queen Liliuokalani, backed by U.S. sugar planters and Marines. The coup was spurred by the queen's attempt to restore native Hawaiian rights and reduce American planter influence, with annexation to the U.S. following in 1898.
Step-by-step explanation:
At the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, Hawaii was controlled by a provisional government with Sanford B. Dole as president. This was after a bloodless coup where American planters, backed by U.S. Marines and the support of U.S. Ambassador John L. Stevens, revolted against Queen Liliuokalani's quest to maintain Hawaiian independence. Despite her surrender to the "superior force of the United States," with hopes of reinstatement after investigation by U.S. authorities, the provisional government was established and sought annexation by the United States.
The economic interests of American sugar planters had been affected by the queen's introduction of a new constitution in 1893, which aimed to restore the rights of native Hawaiians and restricted political power to U.S. planters. American business interests and strategic military concerns, including the importance of Pearl Harbor, also played a significant role in the events leading up to the annexation of Hawaii during the Spanish-American War in 1898.