Final Answer:
Force theory posits that individuals or groups seized power by force to establish governance, differing from theories based on consent or divine rights. Thus the correct option is b.
Step-by-step explanation:
Force theory suggests that the origin of the state stems from individuals or groups seizing power by force. It posits that a ruling class establishes control through coercive means, rather than through any inherent rights or agreements.
This theory stands in contrast to other theories like the social contract theory, which emphasizes a mutual agreement among individuals forming the basis of the state.
Force theory asserts that the emergence of government was not founded on consent or divine authority but rather through the domination and subjugation of others.
It implies that those who were able to exert power and control over others formed the foundation of early political structures. This theory highlights the role of power dynamics and coercion in the establishment of governance, often characterized by the use of force and control to maintain authority.
Therefore, the correct option is b.