Final answer:
The correct answer is d. Expectancy theory. Expectancy theory suggests that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to a desired outcome.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. Expectancy theory.
Expectancy theory is a process theory of motivation that focuses on the belief in the relationship between effort and performance, performance and outcomes, and the value or attractiveness of those outcomes. It suggests that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to a desired outcome.
For example, a student may believe that studying hard and performing well on a test will result in getting a good grade, which is the desired outcome. This belief in the relationship between effort, performance, and outcome drives their motivation to study.