Final answer:
The Business case is the critical document needed for chartering a program, providing justification for investment by analyzing benefits, costs, risks, and opportunities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The document required as one of the deliverables before the program can be formally chartered, which serves as the primary justification document for an investment decision, is the Business case. The Business case outlines the rationale for undertaking a project or program, by presenting an analysis of expected benefits, costs, risks, and opportunities. It is crucial for securing funding and stakeholder support, as the analysis demonstrates the value and feasibility of the investment.