Final answer:
Cellular signaling issues caused by G protein or second messenger pathway alterations can induce various health conditions. Muscarinic and G-protein-linked receptors, among others, initiate cell signaling which varies across cell types due to specific pathways and proteins involved.
Step-by-step explanation:
Problems with G protein or second messenger pathways can lead to cellular signaling issues, which can cause conditions such as hypertension, asthma, heart disease, and cancer. When hormones or neurotransmitters bind to cell-surface receptors, such as muscarinic receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, or receptor tyrosine kinases, they can initiate a signaling cascade. This process typically involves the activation of G proteins, which in turn can produce second messengers like cAMP to bring about changes within the cell. It’s noteworthy that even though the same second messengers might be used, the cellular response to these second messengers varies due to the specific signaling proteins and pathways each cell type has in place, leading to a diversity of physiological effects.