Question

Which of these characteristics are innate?

A) responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens
B) receptors are encoded in the germline
C) recognize broad classes of pathogens
D) B and C

Answer 1

The innate characteristics of the immune system include responding more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens, having receptors encoded in the germline, and recognizing broad classes of pathogens.

Step-by-step explanation:

The characteristics that are considered innate in the context of the immune response are:

• Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens: This is because the immune system has already encountered the pathogen before and can mount a faster and more effective response.
• Receptors are encoded in the germline: These receptors are present from birth and are responsible for recognizing broad classes of pathogens.
• Recognize broad classes of pathogens: The innate immune system has a limited number of receptors that can identify different types of pathogens and initiate a response.