Final answer:
The subdiscipline of biopsychology most likely associated with a study on enhancing human memory performance with a drug is neuroscience. This field examines the biology of the nervous system and cognitive enhancement, including the effects of pharmacological methods and neurotransmitter modulation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subdiscipline of biopsychology most likely identified with a government lab study investigating whether a newly developed drug can enhance human memory performance is neuroscience. This interdisciplinary field, encompassing neurobiology, looks at the biology of the nervous system and explores cognitive enhancement through various approaches, including pharmacological methods. Cognitive enhancers like methylphenidate and modafinil have been studied for their acute effects on cognition, while the long-term consequences are still largely unknown. Neurological tools such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial stimulation introduce another angle of neuroscience focusing on memory functions and cognitive performance.
Neuroscience also reviews how altered neurochemical functions can lead to impaired cognition, and considers the modulation of neurotransmitter systems for cognitive potentiation. This broad domain includes the study of memory, sensory and motor systems, and even biological correlates of psychological disorders. Researchers in this field often have backgrounds in biology, medicine, physiology, and chemistry, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the research.