Final answer:
The power output of a photovoltaic cell is related to its tilt angle by factoring in solar panel efficiency, panel area, and received insolation. Optimal tilt at the site latitude maximizes annual yield. An example calculation using a panel size of 1.2 m² and 18% efficiency results in a power output of 216 Watts under full sun.
Step-by-step explanation:
An equation that relates the power output of a photovoltaic cell (solar panel) to its tilt angle takes into account the efficiency of the solar panel, the area of the panel, and the insolation it receives. If the panels are tilted towards the equator at an angle equal to the site latitude, it optimizes annual yield. The power output can be estimated using the formula P = A × I × η, where P is the power output, A is the area of the PV panel, I is the insolation, and η (eta) represents the efficiency of the panel. In full sun, you would use an insolation value of 1,000 W/m². For example, if we have a solar panel that is 0.8 m by 1.5 m (1.2 m²) with an efficiency of 18% under full sun conditions, the power output would be approximately 1.2 m² × 1000 W/m² × 0.18 = 216 Watts.
Statistical data from studies such as the one conducted by the National Renewable Energy Lab helps in designing systems based on different tilts and orientations to maximize power outputs over the course of the year. For instance, a solar panel in St. Louis, Missouri, when tilted at the site latitude (approximately 39°), would deliver an annual average of 4.8 kWh/m²/day according to their findings.